Inner Speech - Definition and Uses

Inner speech is a form of internalized, self-directed dialogue: talking to oneself in silence. The phrase inner speech was used by Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky to describe a stage in language acquisition and the process of thought. In Vygotskys conception, speech began as a social medium and became internalized as inner speech, that is, verbalized thought (Katherine Nelson, Narratives From the Crib, 2006). See Examples and Observations, below. See also: DialogueInterior MonologueLanguageMemorySpeechTelegraphic Speech Examples and Observations: Dialogue launches language, the mind, but once it is launched we develop a new power, inner speech, and it is this that is indispensable for our further development, our thinking. . . . We are our language, it is often said; but our real language, our real identity, lies in inner speech, in that ceaseless stream and generation of meaning that constitutes the individual mind. It is through inner speech that the child develops his own concepts and meanings; it is through inner speech that he achieves his own identity; it is through inner speech, finally, that he constructs his own world. (Oliver Sacks, Seeing Voices. University of California Press, 1989)If inner speech is marked by the intimate sense of my active thinking, is also quite concretely a thinking in a language. (Don Ihde, Listening and Voice: Phenomenologies of Sound. SUNY Press, 2007)Difficult as it is to study inner speech, there have been attempts to describe it: its said to be a shorthand version of real speech (as one researcher put it, a word in inner speech is the mere skin of a thought), and its very egocentric, not surprisingly, given that its a monologue, with the speaker and the audience being the same person.  (Jay Ingram, Talk Talk Talk: Decoding the Mysteries of Speech. Doubleday, 1992)Inner speech comprises both the inner voice we hear when reading and the muscle movements of the speech organs that often accompany reading and that are called subvocalizations. (Markus Bader, Prosody and Reanalysis. Reanalysis in Sentence Processing, ed. by Janet Dean Fodor and Fernanda Ferreira. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998) Vygotsky on Inner Speech Inner speech is not the interior aspect of external speech--it is a function in itself. It still remains speech, i.e., thought connected with words. But while in external speech thought is embodied in words, in inner speech words die as they bring forth thought. Inner speech is to a large extent thinking in pure meanings. It is a dynamic, shifting, unstable thing, fluttering between word and thought, the two more or less stable, more or less firmly delineated components of verbal thought. (Lev Vygotsky, Thought, and Language, 1934. MIT Press, 1962) Linguistic Characteristics of Inner Speech Vygotsky identified a number of lexicogrammatical features which are foregrounded in both egocentric speech and inner speech. These features include omission of the subject, the foregrounding of predication, and a highly elliptical relationship between these forms and the speech situation (Vygotsky 1986 [1934]: 236). (Paul Thibault, Agency and Consciousness in Discourse: Self-Other Dynamics as a Complex System. Continuum, 2006)In inner speech the only grammatical rule at play is association through juxtaposition. Like inner speech, film uses a concrete language in which sense comes not from deduction but from the fullness of the individual attractions as qualified by the image which they help to develop. (J. Dudley Andrew, The Major Film Theories: An Introduction. Oxford University Press, 1976) Inner Speech and Writing Writing is part of the process of finding, developing, and articulating inner speech, that reservoir of internalized thought and language on which we depend for communication. (Gloria Gannaway, Transforming Mind: A Critical Cognitive Activity. Greenwood, 1994)Because it is a more deliberate act, writing engenders a different awareness of language use. Rivers (1987) related Vygotskys discussion of inner speech and language production to writing as discovery: As the writer expands his inner speech, he becomes conscious of things which he was not previously aware. In this way, he can write more than he realizes (p. 104). Zebroski (1994) noted that Luria looked at the reciprocal nature of writing and inner speech and described the functional and structural features of written speech, which inevitably lead to a significant development of inner speech. Because it delays the direct appearance of speech connections, inhibits them, and increases requirements for the preliminary, internal prep aration for the speech act, written speech produces a rich development for inner speech (p. 166).  (William M. Reynolds and Gloria Miller, eds., Handbook of Psychology: Educational Psychology. John Wiley, 2003)

Biography of Samuel F.B. Morse Essay - 699 Words

Samuel F. B. Morse was one of the greatest inventors of the 19th century; he was the invention of the singled-wire telegraph machine that influenced the Industrial Revolution in America and the Morse code led way to many future innovations. Samuel Morse was not just an inventor; he was also a painter that did works such as The Chapel of the Virgin at Subiaco and The Gallery of the Louvre 1831 – 1833 to portraits of famous politicians such as John Adams. Samuel F. B. Morse was born in Charleston, Massachusetts on April 17, 1791. He was the son of a geographer and pastor Jedidiah Morse and Elizabeth Ann Finley Breese. Samuel Morris was originally interested in painting; his paintings usually put in more detail to the austere facial†¦show more content†¦Samuel Morse ran into problems during the development of the telegraph machine, the telegraph machine could only transmit information for a little bit more than a few hundred yards due to the loss of current over long dis tances. Not until Professor Leonard Gale, of New York University, that helped improved Morse’s design that used superior batteries and electromagnets that enabled it to transfer currents over great distances. After the help of Gale, Samuel Morse had perfected his telegraph; it was able to send signals over great distances. Although his Journey wasn’t over, he now had to send his work to Washington where he awaited to be approved by Congress. He attended both sessions of Congress, from 1837 to 1838 and another one in 1842 to 1843. During the last day of the session, which was March 3, 1843, he â€Å"spent the whole day and part of the evening in the Senate chamber, anxiously watching the progress of the passing of the various bills† (Morse) to watch the bill get passed, he was awarded $30,000 to set up the very first telegraph machine from Washington to Baltimore. His first telegraph machine was made from household instruments that consisted of â€Å"an old pict ure or canvas frame fastened to a table; the wheels of an old wooden clock [†¦] and a short circuit of a wire, embracing the helices of the electro-magnet connected with the positive and negative poles of the battery and terminating the mercury-cups† (Morse). His â€Å"apparatus† was so crudeShow MoreRelatedAntebellum Period And American History1548 Words   |  7 Pagesin books and authors. Before the Antebellum period, literature was not original; it was either imported from Europe or inspired by other writings. But America started to create a new type of literature, this type of writings was basically just biographies, autobiographies and history books of the American Revolution heroes. But it was also normal to see authors writing fictional stories such as Moby Dick, The Last of the Mohicans, and Sleepy Hollow. The American literature started slow in the middleRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 PagesJohn Hancock Marquis de Lafayette Abigail Adams Royal Veto Declaratory Act Quartering Act Boston Tea Party George Greenville King George III John Dickinson Virtual Representation First Continental Congress Boston Massacre Loyalists Samuel Adams John Adams Baron Von Steuben Thomas Hutchinson Adam Smith Mercantilism BOYCOTT Quebec Act Sugar Act Townshend Acts Stamp Act Hessians British East India Company Chapter 8 Study Guide American Secession from England 1775-1783

Employee Motivation to Achieve Organizational Goals

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Motivation is the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways to raise the individual performance of the people in an organization. Individual performance is generally determined by three things: motivation, ability and the work environment. Among these three determinants motivation is the most important. Motivation plays a vital role to increase productivity, mobilization of work, proper utilization of human resources and proper coordination and combination of work. This study will examine the condition of employee motivation in the Hotel Millennium. 1.2 Objectives of the Study In every study, there should be some specific objectives and goals. Identifying purpose and objectives†¦show more content†¦If an employee lacks ability, the manager can provide training or replace the worker. If there is a resource problem, the manager can correct it. But if motivation is the problem, the task for the manager is more challenging. Individual behavior is a complex phenomenon, and the manager may be hard-pressed to figure out the precise nature of the problem and how to solve it. Thus, motivation is important because of its significance as a determinant of performance and because of its intangible character. 2.2 Historical Perspectives on Motivation 2.2.1 The Traditional Approach: The traditional approach of motivation is mainly assumed that economic gain is the primary thing that motivated everyone. 2.2.2 The Human Relations Approach: The human relationists emphasized the role of social processes in the workplace. Their basic assumptions were that employees want to feel useful and important, that employees have strong social needs, and that these needs are more important than money in motivating employees. 2.2.3 The Human Resource Approach: This approach carries the concepts of needs and motivation one step further. Whereas the human relationists believed that the illusion of contribution and participation would enhance motivation, the human resource view assumes that the contributions themselves are valuable to both individuals and organizations. 2.3 Some Important Motivation Theories 2.3.1 Maslow’sShow MoreRelatedThe Link Between Performance and Reward Management1061 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant organizational aspect that is geared towards developing people with necessary competencies and commitment for working towards the achievement of common organizational goals. As a result, the frameworks of this component are developed in order to enhance both individual and organizational performance. This is done through identifying performance needs, providing regular feedback, and helping individuals in their career development. 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Nutrition Natural Health And Nutrition Essay - 2224 Words

Student ID 171651 Teacher ID 6789 Senior Project 16 March 2015 Mastering Nutrition Natural health and nutrition is something that is commonly overlooked in today’s American society. Health cannot only change the way a person feels about their body, it can change a person’s outlook on life. Being healthy does not necessarily mean going to the gym, or exercising at all. Something as simple as changing a diet can have a bigger and longer lasting effect on a host of diseases and other conditions. Changing ones diet can even have a greater effect than medication. It is, however, getting progressively more difficult to be a healthy eater because major companies are processing food and adding dangerous and unnecessary chemicals to the product. Moving away from eating fatty and salty convenience and highly processed foods could/will help decrease the possibility of heart and health problems in the future. 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The Impact of ICT on Productivity within the Nigerian Banking Sector Free Essays

string(84) " the various factors that may pose challenge and an 80% response rate are expected\." Chapter 1 – Introduction 1.1 Background The Banking industry is considerably one of the largest industries in Nigeria providing employment for an estimated twenty two thousand people nationwide and generating 9% of the annual GDP of the country. Nigeria is considered to be one of the fastest growing telecommunications nations in Africa, investing heavily in ICT and related information technology Chiemeke et al (2006). We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of ICT on Productivity within the Nigerian Banking Sector or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of its major investors has been the banks, however with their major investments the use of ICT has arguably had an effect on efficiency and has made operations faster nevertheless there has been no major evidence that indicates that they have increased productivity, productivity been an important factor for banks and other organizations as it can help drive economic and organizational growth and most importantly help organization increase their profit. This study delves into the realms of the banking industry in Nigeria in an attempt to discover the impact of the use of ICT has had on productivity. This study will incorporate primary and secondary research in an attempt to determine if the use of ICT has improves productivity in the banking industry and also to get a better understanding of the industry or not and their ICT practices. The outcome will be a set of recommendations aimed at suggesting possible ways to use ICT to improve productivity. This study aims at informing and advising the people in the Nigerian Banking industry considering the how use of ICT can be further used to improve productivity as well as academics who seek to broaden their insight of the industry in such light. The research and discussion will be condensed to a set of recommendations. 1.2 Reason for Research Topic The motivation behind conducting this research into the impact the use of ICT has on productivity in the Nigerian banking industry comes from the lack of such research in the region as a series of similar studies have been carried out in other developed countries. Nigerian is often regarded as the giant of Africa more so they are said to be highest investors in the use of Information communication technology in Africa, the use of ICT has no doubt contributed to the growth of the various industries in the country however there is no direct knowledge as to if the use of ICT has increased productivity in the banking industry, thus the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the use of ICT in the Nigerian banking industry on productivity. 1.3 Study Aim and Objectives The aim of this study project is to answer the question â€Å"does the use of ICT improve productivity in banking in Nigeria†. In order to meet this aim, this study seeks accomplish the following objectives, identify If the use of I.C.T improved productivity in Nigerian banking industry How can ICT be used effectively to impact productivity. The benefits of ICT in banking. The problems of ICT in banking. 1.4 Project Constraints In the course of writing this dissertation a few constraints where met as predicted in the project initiation document, this constraints include: Access to information: facts and information where needed and they couldn’t be gotten off the internet as such they had to be physically collected from the office of the central bank of Nigeria and relayed back via email. Falling ill: in the process of writing this project the author fell ill two times living the project unattended to for a total of three weeks Lack of prior knowledge: the author had no prior adept knowledge of the points that will be discussed in this study as such the author had to carry out extensive research and reading so as to broaden the gap of knowledge. 1.5 Study Methodology 1.5.1 Literature Review A full review of literature will be given, which will set the scene gives a general overview of the banking industry, the use of ICT and productivity, however it later goes on to give a more information of the Nigerian banking industry which is the subject of this study and its challenges in regards of the use of ICT and how they in turn affect productivity. 1.5.2 Primary Research A survey will be carried out to help determine the impact ICT has on productivity in Nigeria. A survey is a popular strategy used in business and management research. Surveys are often carried out through the use of a questionnaire as the data is standardised and allows for easy comparison and they allow the collection of a large amount of data from a sizeable population in a highly economical way (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2003). All the data acquired in this survey was through the use of a questionnaire issued to certain employees in a number of banks. Having completed the primary research a number of analysis tools and techniques were used to analyse the information, an overview of the tools and techniques used is in chapter 4. The banks that were involved in this study are based in Nigeria. In the course of research for this study the author discovered there has been little or no study on the research in this topic in this region of the world compared to the UK and other European countries as such the author decided to use the Nigerian banking industry as the centre of research. The survey questions are to be spread to as many banks as possible with the hope of getting responses from 15 of the 25 banks in the country; however the survey questions will be spread amongst a minimum of two branches per bank including the headquarters of those banks; however there is no certainty that it will be spread in that order as the survey is online, and also there is no assurance that there be a 100% response rate. The survey should take about 2weeks considering the various factors that may pose challenge and an 80% response rate are expected. You read "The Impact of ICT on Productivity within the Nigerian Banking Sector" in category "Essay examples" 1.5.3 Case study approach A case study is defined as â€Å"a strategy for carrying out research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence†, (Robson, 2002). In summary the case study strategy will help guide and gain knowledge and rich understanding of the primary research carried out in this study. Case study strategy has the ability to generate answers to the various questions such as ‘why’, ‘what’ and ‘how’; however a good case study can enable the challenge of an existing theory and provide a good source for new hypothesis (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 2003). 1.6 Dissertation Overview Now the scene has been set and an idea of what the study will revolve around has been given as such a brief layout of the writing structure will be given which will include a brief summary of what the various chapters will be about. 1.6.1 Abstract 1.6.2 Chapter 1: Introduction: 1.6.3 Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter consists of secondary research gathered from books, journals providing knowledge, understanding and insight as to what’s been done in this line of research. 1.6.4 Chapter 3: Case Study (Development of Survey) This chapter focuses on the development of the survey used for primary research in an attempt to gain proper knowledge and understanding and also answer the question the topic of the study possess. 1.6.5 Chapter 4: Evaluation Discussion This chapter contains a step by step analysis of the data gotten from the survey and also a discussion as to what the answers of the survey imply. 1.6.6 Chapter 5: Conclusion This final chapter is a conclusion of the whole project as it summaries the previous chapters and gives a critical reflection of the process involved in the process of writing this study and finally it suggests methods for further improvement. CHAPTER 3: SURVEY RESEARCH 3.1 Introduction This study is based on an investigation into the impact of ICT on productivity in the banking industry. For the purpose of this study no particular bank was the sole focus of the research as information from one source will not be enough to assess the extent as such for this study the survey will be carried out using a number of different banks with the aid of a questionnaire which includes both qualitative and quantitative data. 3.2 Method of Research In conducting primary research a number of activities can be used such as questionnaires, interviews, tests and documentary analysis, but for the purpose of this research the questionnaire method was the only method chosen as it is cheaper, faster, has a larger response base and can cover a lot of ground compared to other methods. 3.3 Qualities of a Good Research Question In carrying out a survey it is important that the questions asked are the right questions and the survey is well structured else it provides inaccurate information which will affect the credibility of the result of the survey. Punch (1998) gives a number of criteria that will help in creating good research questions, these criteria’s include: Clear: The questions should be easy to understand and unambiguous. Specific: The concept should be clear enough to connect the data to the indicators. Answerable: There should be a clear view of what data is required to answer the question and how such data will be obtained. Interconnected: The questions must be related to each other in some meaningful way, rather than be unconnected. Substantively relevant: The questions should be interesting and worthwhile questions for investment of research effort. Punch (1998) further states that questions that do not possess this qualities are generally bad research questions, as they are unclear and not specific enough, Punch (1998) also states two problems that often occur in building questionnaires, they include value judgement and causation, as such in building the questionnaires such characteristics and problems will be avoided. 3.4 Structure of Survey The survey is divided into two sets one for each set of people. The first questionnaire seeks information on the benefits, problems, impact of ICT products on productivity and the impact of ICT measures on productivity, however the questionnaire itself is structured into 6 major sections which seek a particular kind of information which include Demographic information Information on current level of ICT investment. Information on ICT benefits in general to the bank, Information on the negative effect of ICT on productivity to the bank. Information on the impact of IT measures on productivity. Information on the impact of a number of specific ICT tools and their impact on productivity. The second section of the questionnaire seeks information on ICT input and output measures and the impact of ICT measures on productivity, it is divided into 5 sections which include: Demographic information, Information on the impact of ICT on bank outputs. Information on the impact of ICT on bank input. Information on the impact of IT measures. Information on the impact of ICT on financial services. See Appendix 4 for more details 3.5 Design of Questionnaire In designing this questionnaire, a number of questions where adopted and adapted from other questionnaires and articles found in the course of research, a few questions were also developed in completing the questionnaire. The questionnaire is an online based and in designing these questionnaires two types of questions where adopted; open and rating questions, Saunders et al. (2003) describes these questions as: Open Question: These questions are used in questionnaires when the author is uncertain of the participant’s response, such as in explanatory research. Rating Questions: This type of question is used to collect opinion data, a common example is the Likert scale in which it gets the participants opinion how strongly they agree or disagree with a statement. The Likert scale uses a 5 point rating scale which ranges from strongly agree to strongly disagree, Saunders et al (2003). 3.6 Terminologies used in Questionnaire A number of terminologies were used in this questionnaire such as Productivity, IT inputs, IP outputs and IT measures. In order not to confuse the participants or make them fill inaccurate information due to the lack of understanding of the terms, the terminologies mentioned above were well defined and explained in the portion which acts as the introduction to the survey. 3.7 Method of Distribution The method for distribution used in this study is via email as the survey itself is online. This was chosen over paper distribution as it saved the cost of transportation and also the time it will take to get back the forms, scan them analyse and go through the various scanned document, and finally as bank employees constantly have easy access to the internet, it will be easy to access and complete. A message will be written in the email sent; the message will essentially act as a cover letter that describes the purpose of the survey. 3.8 Pretesting the Questionnaire Having completed the design of the questionnaire was tested out on a small group to see if the questions are clear and understandable. Robson (2002) states that pretesting a questionnaire is good as it helps check if the questions are clear, simple, unambiguous and if they do not meet those criteria’s the participants involved in the test should give their thoughts and opinions as to what questions aren’t clear and how they could be made clear. The amount of time taken to complete the questionnaire, this feedback will be used to further improve the structure of the questionnaire 3.9 Changes Made as a result of Pretesting Pre-testing feedback was mostly positive. The people involved in the pre testing where satisfied with the length of the questionnaire based on its purpose, however most people where of the impression that the questionnaire can be completed by the general public, as such at the top of the questionnaire a change was made where it was stated who was qualified to answer the questionnaire. The only major negative comment was on the last set of questions in the second questionnaire, the comment was that the question was not clear and easy to understand enough and as a result of that the questions where rephrased. 3.10 Intended Participants of Survey This survey, compared to most others, does not seek information from the general public, it seeks information from certain employees of the bank as they will be the most capable in answering questions accurately as information is made readily available to them. These employees include: IT Manager Finance Manager The first aspect of the questionnaire seeks information on the benefits, problems, impact of ICT products on productivity and the impact of ICT measures on productivity as such the IT manager or any other person at that capacity will be the most suitable to answer such question. The second section of the questionnaire seeks information on ICT input and output measures and the impact of ICT measures on productivity, as such this portion of the questionnaire can only be completed by the Finance manager or any other person at in such capacity as the information will be made readily available to them. In completing the questionnaire the participants will have to state their roles or positions in the organisation to make sure the information is gotten form the person most adequate to answer it. 3.11 Ethics of a Questionnaire A major concern of people who are involved in surveys is giving their information to a third party as such information can be gathered and misused. The questionnaires will therefore be carried out in anonymity as participant’s identity will not be revealed and the questionnaire will adhere to the data protection act and several other ethical standards that might be put in place. 3.12 Final Version Having completed and made changes to the questionnaire the links where distributed by emails. How to cite The Impact of ICT on Productivity within the Nigerian Banking Sector, Essay examples

Aircraft Solutions Security Assessments and Recommendations Sample Essay Example For Students

Aircraft Solutions: Security Assessments and Recommendations Sample Essay Aircraft Solutions ( AS ) located in beautiful southern California has become a accepted leader in the electronics. commercial. defence and aerospace industries. This is due their design and fiction of constituent merchandises and services available to their clients in the assorted industries. What set Aircraft Solutions apart from other design and fiction companies are their dedicated. trained work force and the care of a big capacity works and extended equipment that enables the company to run into client demands. The company is made up of a big extremely skilled work force that works its extremely automated production systems from design applied scientists. coders. mechanics and assembly forces. Aircraft Solutions ends are to supply first-class client service and success through its machined merchandises and services. This is achieved while at the same clip maintaining their cost. quality and scheduled bringings in cheque. The chief central office for Aircraft Solutions is present ly in San Diego. California. while their Commercial Division is located 40 stat mis east of central offices and the Defense Division is located in Santa Ana. California. Security Weakness In reexamining the current concern procedure. geographic layout. current IT architecture and web substructure there were some security issues that could and should be improved upon. Presently the bing security policy is non sufficient for the demands of the company. It is being evaluated every two old ages and at that place appears to be no encoding package usage to forestall the possibility of informations being mishandled. lost or stolen. A security â€Å"policy begins with measuring the hazard to the web and edifice a squad to react. Continuance of the policy requires implementing a security alteration direction pattern and supervising the web for security misdemeanors. Last. the reappraisal procedure modifies the bing policy and adapts to lessons learned. † ( 1 ) Without an updated security and policy process the hazard of controls that are used to procure confidential and proprietary information are threatened throughout the company if users and systems are non often visited more frequently than the current two twelvemonth reappraisal timeframe. There besides appears to be a deficiency of firewalls particularly between the Commercial Division of the company and the cyberspace. â€Å"Basically. a firewall is a barrier to maintain destructive forces off from your belongings. In fact. that’s why it is called a firewall. Its occupation is similar to a physical firewall that keeps a fire from distributing from one country to the following. † ( 2 ) There besides needs to be firewalls set up between the Commercial and Defense Division associating to Aircraft Solutions chief central office in San Diego. California since the hazard of being hacked from their distant locations without proper safeguards can happen anyplace in between. The high hazard of security breach in any of its divisions and central offices country can be rather riotous and damaging to the company and its clients. Current IT Architecture As seen from the diagram below the current IT Architecture is set up and the countries noted are where the hazards prevarication. Last the usage of encoding package between all users within the company is critical to forestall any confidential or proprietary information from leaking to the non-essential users. â€Å"Encryption package is package whose chief undertaking is encryption and decoding of informations. normally in the signifier of files on ( or sectors of ) difficult thrusts and removable media. electronic mail messages. or in the signifier of packages sent over computing machine webs. † ( 3 ) There are many algorithm encodings available and choosing the package that would be good and cost effectual to the company allows for an excess step of protection to files. discs. databases and communicating. .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035 , .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035 .postImageUrl , .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035 , .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035:hover , .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035:visited , .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035:active { border:0!important; } .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035:active , .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035 .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub21c6690f1057a105593801af4018035:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Development and Control of Chemical and Biolog EssayMentions: 1 ) Author Unknown. Network Security Policy: Best Practices White Paper. 04 October 2005. Cisco. com. Retrieved: March 15. 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lake herring. com. 2 ) Tyson. Jeff. â€Å"How Firewalls Work† 24 October 2000. HowStuffWorks. com. Retrieved: March 18. 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. howstuffworks. com/firewall. htm. 3 ) Author Unknown. Encryption Software. December 2011. Wikipedia. org. Retrieved: March 14. 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Encryption_software